Showing posts with label Planning Basics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Planning Basics. Show all posts

Monday, February 1, 2010

Planning Basics: Fiscal Fitness Day

Here's an idea I think should catch on. Instead of taking a "mental health day" or a "stay-cation", why not try a "financial wellness day" (okay, two days) to get your financial life in order? That's exactly what Ron Lieber of the New York Times suggested in this July 2009 article. It's an idea that has gotten some attention. Here's what Lieber wrote:


Like many of you, I suspect, I have a never-ending, ever-multiplying list of undone money tasks. There are always a few accounts that charge too much or pay too little interest, service providers to haggle with and opaque insurance forms that beg questions. Who has time for all but the most essential items on this list on any given day? Or in any given month, for that matter?

So I decided to spend 10 or 12 hours trying to cross off every single item on my list. The goal wasn’t merely completion. I also hoped to actually gain back the money I had lost to the pay cut, either through savings or increased earnings in bank and credit card accounts.

By the strictest definition, I failed on the first count.

The list was too long to even start certain items on it, and many of the money tasks require multiple steps. The new jewelry insurance requires an appraisal. The nanny tax company needs a pile of information to get started. The will-writing lawyers don’t call back right away. At least I got these tasks started.

Financially, the total of my savings and new earnings will net out to about $2,000 annually after taxes, thanks mostly to a better savings account rate.

That doesn’t quite replace the lost income, but it’s a lot more money than I had before.

The real gain here, however, was in establishing a new ritual. I got enough done that I now plan to take a fiscal health day at least once a year, 10 hours on a weekday when all phone lines and financial institutions are open, with no interruptions except for e-mail.

Here’s a list of some of the things I knocked off or got started. Or, if you prefer movies to articles, watch the mini-documentary of my day.

HIGH-YIELD SAVINGS ACCOUNT Though Internet savings accounts that pay above-average rates have been around for some time, I haven’t needed one. Now that we’re keeping more cash around in case we want to buy a new place to live, however, it makes sense to enroll.

I put our money in an account via SmartyPig, a Web-based savings program. It pays an industry-beating 2.75 percent, though it comes with certain restrictions, like the requirement that you put at least $10 in your account each month.

CASH-BACK CREDIT CARD The new Charles Schwab Bank Invest First Visa pays a straight 2 percent back into our Schwab brokerage account. That’s 0.75 percentage points better than we were earning with our Capital One card. The Schwab card also levies no foreign exchange fees for use outside the United States.

JEWELRY INSURANCE We are paying nearly $400 annually to insure our wedding and engagement rings. Jewelers Mutual, which I’d been meaning to call for more than two years, can do it for about $250, as long as we produce an appraisal.

PHONE SERVICE We stripped our landline bare of any long distance or special features and got rid of our DSL service, which we had been using as a backup for our cable Internet connection. That will save about $500 annually, though that savings will be partly offset once we find another backup plan.

Not surprisingly, given that we’re talking about the phone company here, this task ate a bigger part of the day than any other. I had to talk to the landline people, the DSL people and the billing people to confirm a switch on the auto-payment system to our American Express card (now that Verizon finally accepts it). Of course, I waited on hold, ended up in the wrong call center and had one call dropped. But hopefully, I won’t have to talk to them again for years.

NANNY TAX SERVICE I signed up with the Nanny Tax Company in Chicago to deal with the quarterly and annual tax filings related to paying our baby sitter on the books. While this costs $425 annually plus a one-time $100 registration fee, the time savings makes this a wash, if not a net gain in money.

A representative with our bank at Schwab also explained that it would allow us to make free, regular direct deposits into our baby sitter’s account at a different bank. That means we can create a free, basic payroll service, since we’ll get help calculating withholding amounts from the Nanny Tax Company.

WILL We still don’t have one, even though we’ve been parents for three and a half years now. Pathetic and inexcusable. But it won’t be that way for long. We’re considering hiring a lawyer from New York State who is far from our Brooklyn home to save money, and I called three lawyers on fiscal health day looking to price the possibilities. Local lawyers who think this approach is foolish should sound off in the comments on this story. We will finish this task before summer’s end.

INSURANCE PAPERWORK If you’re lucky enough to have health insurance, you’re probably constantly adrift in a sea of forms that make no sense. We’re no different, but a major snafu caused us to have to switch plans a few months into 2009, throwing everything into utter disarray.

On fiscal health day, I got all of the paperwork divided into about a dozen piles to begin our assault on the benefits office and the various insurance companies involved.

WHAT TO DO IF WE’RE DEAD Merrill Lynch gives away a terrific form titled “Organizing your financial life. Critical information at your fingertips.” It’s basically a road map to sorting your financial affairs in case you fall off a large cliff, though Mother Merrill doesn’t quite market it that way. After several years of putting this off, I finally filled out the form on fiscal health day and will send copies to our families soon. There’s a link to the form from the version of this story online.

NONPROFIT AUTOPILOT In less than 10 minutes, I put a bunch of our charitable giving on autopilot. We signed up with Networkforgood.org and then asked it to charge our credit card each month and pass along the money to the nonprofit groups. No more end-of-the-year scramble to get donations out, and the institutions will receive more regular income.

Network for Good does charge a fee for its service, and it may be possible to set up recurring donations free with individual nonprofit organizations.

SHOPPING SPREE Yes, you get to have fun on fiscal health day. Gather up all of your gift cards and spend the money that’s left on them. The longer they sit, the more interest Apple or Borders or the department store will earn from your money and bigger the chance you’ll misplace the card.

We had $68.63 that had been on a Barneys card for a while, and I used it to add to my collection of colorful socks. This being Barneys, I needed an extra $15 or so to add a second pair. Still, the beautiful hosiery was a great reward for having finished a bunch of longstanding financial chores.


What a great idea! Here are some "refinements" I would make to it.

Balance pain and pleasure. Why not unplug from distractions while you do this by staying at a B&B, a nice hotel or in that cabin you've been eyeing for vacation? (Make sure all have phone and internet access. You're going to be using these heavily as you get organized.)Or at least set some time in the evening for a movie, dinner or your favorite activity as a reward to yourself. This will be hard work!

Set priorities.The night before, make a list of what you need to get done. Break it into groups. Your "A-list" should be done NO MATTER WHAT. Your B-list after your A, etc.

If you need help, get it. Some of what you may need to do could involve visits to professionals. Do you need to see your accountant? Your tax attorney or estate planning attorney? Do you have a financial advisor? How about that meeting with HR to discuss plan or benefit changes?

Do nothing else. This is going to require total commitment and focus. It's the "other things getting in the way" that has prevented you from doing this before, right? So turn off the TV, the iPhone, leave email to another day.

Good luck!

Thursday, January 7, 2010

Planning Basics: The Time Value of Money

"Money is better than poverty, if only for financial reasons." - Woody Allen

It approaches hyperbole to state that the most fundamental concept in finance and hence of financial planning is that money has a “time value.” Money in hand today is worth more than money that is expected to be received in the future. “A bird in the hand…” and all that. Why is that so? Well, a dollar that you receive today can be invested such that you will have more than a dollar at some future time. If only our Congressmen knew this, but I digress.


First an example to show what we mean. Let’s say you have 100 dollars of money today and you invest it for one year and earning 5 percent interest. It will be worth 105 dollars after one year. Therefore, 100 dollars paid now or 105 dollars paid exactly one year from now both have the same value to the recipient assuming 5 percent interest.

But the method is robust enough that it also allows the valuation of a likely stream of income in the future, in such a way that the annual incomes are “discounted” and then added together, thus providing a lump-sum "present value" of the entire income stream.

All of the standard calculations for time value of money derive from a basic algebraic expression for the present value of a future sum, discounted to the present by an amount equal to the time value of money. For example, the future value FV to be received in one year is discounted (at the rate of interest r) to give the present value PV thusly : PV = FV − r•PV = FV/(1+r).

Some standard calculations based on the time value of money are:

Present Value

The current worth of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows given a specified rate of return. Future cash flows are discounted at the discount rate, and the higher the discount rate, the lower the present value of the future cash flows. Determining the appropriate discount rate is the key to properly valuing future cash flows, whether they be earnings or obligations.

Present Value of an Annuity.

An annuity is a series of equal payments or receipts that occur at evenly spaced intervals. Leases and rental payments are examples. The payments or receipts occur at the end of each period for an ordinary annuity while they occur at the beginning of each period for an annuity due.

Present Value of a Perpetuity

An annuity with an infinite and constant stream of identical cash flows

Future Value

Future Value is the value of an asset or cash at a specified date in the future that is equivalent in value to a specified sum today.

Future Value of an Annuity

The future value of a stream of payments (annuity), assuming the payments are invested at a given rate of interest.

Basic Equations, Identities and Combining Equations

Several basic equations that represent the equalities listed above. The solutions may be found using these formulas or, since we are in the twenty-first century, a financial calculator or a spreadsheet using Microsoft Excel for example. The formulas are programmed into most financial calculators and several spreadsheet functions (such as PV, FV, RATE, NPER, and PMT).

The equations are identities. For any of the equations below, the formula may be rearranged to determine one of the other unknowns. (Note: In the case of the standard annuity formula, however, there is no closed-form algebraic solution for the interest rate although financial calculators and spreadsheet programs can “force” the solution through rapid trial and error algorithms).

These equations are frequently combined for particular uses. For example, bonds can be readily priced using these equations. A typical coupon bond is composed of two types of payments: a stream of coupon payments similar to an annuity, and a lump-sum return of capital at the end of the bond's maturity - that is, a future payment. The two formulas can be combined to determine the present value of the bond.
An important note is that the interest rate i is the interest rate for the relevant period. For an annuity that makes one payment per year, i will be the annual interest rate. For an income or payment stream with a different payment schedule, the interest rate must be converted into the relevant periodic interest rate.

The rate of return in the calculations can be either the variable solved for, or a predefined variable that measures a discount rate, interest, inflation, rate of return, cost of equity, cost of debt or any number of other analogous concepts. The choice of the appropriate rate is critical to the exercise, and the use of an incorrect discount rate will make the results meaningless. I can't stress this enough.

For calculations involving annuities, you must decide whether the payments are made at the end of each period (known as an ordinary annuity), or at the beginning of each period (known as an annuity due). If you are using a financial calculator or a spreadsheet, you can usually set it for either calculation.

Finding the Formulae

Here is where I would naturally present all the formula regarding each of the concepts listed above and explain what each of the abbreviations ( i for interest rate, PV for present value, etc) meant. But I am not going to waste the pixels. You can find this in any finance textbook or in numerous sources on the Web. Instead I am going to give you a few links where you can find all of the relevant formulas and even examples.

From Investopedia

From StudyFinance.com

From GetObjects.com


I know some critics who have claimed that "this is all there is to" financial planning. I don't agree but even some practicioners have claimed as much. This knowledge IS however extremely valuable and study of it and its application is invaluable. That is why I have started the New Year with this post.

Good reading.

Friday, December 4, 2009

Planning Basics: A Philosophy of Financial Planning

"Personal financial planning, or financial planning, denotes the process of determining whether and how an individual can meet life goals through the proper management of financial resources."--
Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards, Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility


AUTHOR'S NOTE: I want to start a series of posts about financial planning basics for my readers. My intention is that one post a week will concern these basics and a second weekly post will discuss a more advanced planning concept, a bit of timely news or a particular strategy of interest. The posts relating to basics will be denoted "Planning Basics". That way, if you are an advanced reader you can just skip them or tag them for perusal on a slow rainy day.

Once you read the above statement by the CFP Board, it is blindingly obvious (at least to me) that the emphasis in financial planning should not be the sale of products (such as life insurance, annuities and mutual funds) but the process for helping people meet their financial goals, either through the development of comprehensive plans (preferred) or through the use of a segmented approach for solving discrete problems (if appropriate and practicable). Why all the qualifications in that sentence? Well, sometimes what a potential client asks you to do can be neither appropriate or practicable and it is your job to say "No" even if it means that you won't be earning a fee. These don't have to be illegal (tax fraud) or immoral (abusive financial relationship) but can simply be mistakenly applied concepts or strategies. Or it may be that a client asks for something simple whereupon investigation you discover that the "simple fix" brings too many other moving parts into play. Instead of a fixing a flat tire you find the client needs struts, rotors and ball joints.

So what is that process we are talking about? Well, I don't believe we can talk about that without touching upon the areas of a client's financial well being impacted by the relationship nor of the planner's role in coordinating services for the client in these areas. Here are the key planning areas:

Risk Management Planning
Education Planning
Cash Management, Savings, Debt and Credit Planning
Estate Planning
Retirement Planning
Investment Planning
Tax Planning
Planning for Financial Independence

That's a lot! And that's a lot for one person (your financial planner)to have skills in. Even though a financial planner may understand how all of these areas interact, his/her expertise may only be in one/two or more but fewer than all eight of these critical areas. Hence the need to coordinate the activities of others such as a life insurance agent, tax attorney, estate planning attorney, broker, mortgage specialist, etc. (The act of coordination requires superior organization and communication skills.) As stated, some of these functions and activities can be performed by the financial planner. I would say that it is very desirable that the planner do so. But the more sophisticated planners recognize that in order to best serve their client, many circumstances warrant seeking the professional advice of others. Let's talk about three of them: attorney, accountant and portfolio manager.

Attorney

It's now a given that the legal community casts a rather suspicious eye toward the financial planning community. This is for two reasons. One, the legal community questions the credentials for such a complicated task as outlined above. Two, the legal community believes that the practice of financial planning "encroaches on its turf". Its suspicions are only heightened by statements such as this one, from Practicing Financial Planning (for Professionals) by Mittra, Sahu and Crane (2007) : "In the context of financial planning, an attorney's key function is to certify the legality of a proposal developed by a financial planner and to prepare the associated legal documents." What?! The attorney is someone who merely "certifies" and "prepares" what a financial planner has drafted? The whole notion is mistakenly naive and a violation of an attorney's Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility. The authors go on to decry these "turf Battles" and "acrimony" between the two professions and then assert that "in [the] role [described]the attorney operates not as an adversary but an integral part of the team of professionals". No, the role described is 1) order taking and 2) ministerial as well as insulting.

Yes, your attorney has a vital and important role in the financial planning process. It is not as described in the above best-selling planning manual, but to provide sound and professional legal judgment through fact assembly and assessment, research, drafting, document preparation and client counseling in those areas of the financial plan that are affected by the law.

Accountant

Accountants and CPAs have traditionally performed two principal functions for the client: maintenance of records and preparation of taxes. However, the profession is often asked to do much more, namely, advice on the tax effects of certain financial transactions including investment purchases or sales or those of business entities. The CPA or accountant often coordinates with the client's tax lawyer in these regards, especially where the act of giving counsel may be interpreted as the giving of legal advice.

Portfolio Manager

A portfolio manager helps design the vehicle that preserves or enhances a client's estate. An attorney may prepare documents that preserve the estate and a CPA may advise as to the existence of Tax Code provisions or strategies that also do so, but the portfolio manager uniquely constructs through use of investment vehicles and products (stocks, bonds, funds, annuities, limited partnerships, real assets, alternative financial products, etc) a portfolio designed to achieve the client's financial goals.

Insurance Counselor and Other Professionals

One important dimension of the overall financial plan is that of asset protection through the purchase of life, disability, property, casualty, professional liability, long-term health care, and other insurances. Aside from the insurance counselor, a planner may need to work with trust officers, real estate brokers,and investment bankers. In working with each the objective of the planning professional is to get sound objective advice in outside areas of expertise such that the financial plan is enhanced by its inclusion.

Summary

We are starting a series on financial planning basics. This is meant as a sort of "30,000 foot view". Today's article touches upon the philosophy of financial planning, and continues with a look at the planner's areas of impact and his/her role as provider and coordinator of services in those areas.

Monday, July 13, 2009

Planning Basics: The Number We All Need to Know

I'm not talking about Mom and Dad's home number for birthday greetings, anniversaries wishes or, if you are in college, the occasional request for advice and money. (Not that you don't need that occasionally too!) I'm talking about the number we all need to know for planning purposes: our marginal tax rate! Exciting eh?

Individuals can use the tax rate schedules in a number of ways to help plan their finances. You can use these tax rates to figure out how much tax you will pay on extra income you earn. For a taxpayer in the 25% tax bracket, extra income will be taxed at that rate until the taxpayer reaches the next tax bracket. Useful if you are trying to figure out whether to take that part time job, pay the sitter, tolls, wardrobe upgrade and meals out or just continue as Mr. Mom. Alternatively, you can use these tax rates to figure out how much tax you will save by increasing your deductions, such as those given for mortgage interest, contributions to charities or any number of deductible items.

Your top marginal tax rate is 10%, 15%, 25%, 28%, 33%, or 35%, depending on your taxable income, as shown in the tables below. If your top bracket is 25%, for example, this means that each additional dollar of ordinary income (such as salary or interest income) will be taxed at 25% for regular income tax purposes.

The most favorable tax brackets apply to married persons filing jointly and qualifying widow(er)s who also use the joint return rates. The least favorable brackets are those for married persons filing separately, but filing separately is still advisable for married couples in certain situations.

2009 federal tax tables are divided into four sections based on your filing status: single, married filing jointly, married filling separately, head of household.

Filing status: SINGLE

*10% on income between $0 and $8,350
*15% on the income between $8,350 and $33,950; plus $835.50
*25% on the income between $33,950 and $82,250; plus $4,675.00
*28% on the income between $82,250 and $171,550; plus $16,750.00
*33% on the income between $171,550 and $372,950; plus $41,754.00
*35% on the income over $372,950; plus $109,216.00
(Tax Rate Schedule X)

Filing status: MARRIED FILING JOINTLY

* 10% on the income between $0 and $16,700
* 15% on the income between $16,700 and $67,900; plus $1,670.00
* 25% on the income between $67,900 and $137,050; plus $9,350.00
* 28% on the income between $137,050 and $208,850; plus $26,637.50
* 33% on the income between $208,850 and $372,950; plus $46,741.50
* 35% on the income over $372,950; plus $100,894.50
(Tax Rate Schedule Y-1)

Filing status: MARRIED FILING SEPARATELY

*10% on the income between $0 and $8,350
*15% on the income between $8,350 and $33,950; plus $835.00
*25% on the income between $33,950 and $68,525; plus $4,675.00
*28% on the income between $68,525 and $104,425; plus $13,318.75
*33% on the income between $104,425 and $186,475; plus $23,370.75
*35% on the income over $186,475; plus $50,447.25
(Tax Rate Schedule Y-2)


Filing status: HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD


* 10% on the income between $0 and $11,950
* 15% on the income between $11,950 and $45,500; plus $1,195.00
* 25% on the income between $45,500 and $117,450; plus $6,227.50
* 28% on the income between $117,450 and $190,200; plus $24,215.00
* 33% on the income between $190,200 and $372,950; plus $44,585.00
* 35% on the income over $372,950; plus $104,892.50
(Tax Rate Schedule Z)

Please note: The tax rate on qualified dividends and net capital gains is generally lower than your top bracket rate on ordinary income. Qualified dividends are subject to a rate of 15% or are tax free, depending on your top bracket, and net capital gains are also generally subject to a rate of 15% or are tax free (depending on your top bracket), but the rate can be higher if you have 28% rate gains or unrecaptured Section 1250 gains.

For those of you who are sticklers on this subject of marginal tax rates, we are ignoring Alternative Minimum Tax effects, which will be discussed in a later article.

To actually compute your 2008 regular income tax, you will either look up your tax in the Tax Table, use the Tax Computation Worksheet, or if you have net capital gains or qualified dividends, use the Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet or Schedule D Tax Worksheet.

The next is in all caps so the author-ME-must think it is important. THESE TAX SCHEDULES ARE PROVIDED FOR INFORMATIONAL (PLANNING) PURPOSES ONLY. If necessary,please see your tax professional or trusted advisor when making important decisions regarding your taxes.